Taking Action With Emmaüs 

Fighting against modern slavery: victory at last!

In Emmaus groups, we are familiar with migration journeys of companions who have come from afar, enduring violence and exploitation at different stages along the way. These journeys are sometimes within the European continent, particularly for young Romanians welcomed by Emmaus Satu Mare, who were in care as children. This is Mariana’s story, told to us by Jean-Philippe, president of Emmaus Satu Mare.

June 2009, Satu Mare. Mariana is about to finish secondary school. She’s 19 and has lived in an orphanage with her twin sister Tunde since they were children. Tunde has had to repeat a year and can stay for another year at the children’s home. But for Mariana, finishing her studies means that she will no longer be looked after. A teacher introduces her to “Doamna Irina” (Mrs Irina), who is also Romanian, and she offers to take her to Italy.  She will earn money and will be part of the family until she has earned enough to live her own life. A job, money and a family? This is everything that Mariana has never had. She happily accepts.

August 2009, Rome. Once in Italy, Mariana quickly becomes disillusioned. “Doamna Irina” took her passport from her as soon as they left Romania. In terms of family life, she is forced to eat and wash herself on the balcony with two other young girls, who also come from Satu Mare orphanages. She works hard, from 4am every morning until late at night, doing cleaning jobs in residential homes, pharmacies and notary’s offices; all appear to be oblivious to her plight. No weekends or Sundays off nor public holidays. In return, she is on the receiving end of insults on a daily basis (gypsy, darkie, dirty, etc.) And is threatened every day that she will be put out on the street if she makes even the slightest wrong move.

End of 2012, Satu Mare. Tunde, Mariana’s twin sister, has been wandering from place to place and has finally come to Emmaus. One day, she tells us her sister’s story, as she hardly ever hears from her. We ask social services, who offer a reassuring answer. And we tell Tunde: “Mariana should go to the police if she is the victim of an offense”. Ten years on, we have to admit that it was easier said than done… And that in terms of access to rights, theory alone is no guarantee that anything will be done in practice, but that’s no reason to give up.

October 2013. Tunde has just received a call from Mariana, who invites her to come to Rome “on holiday”. Of course, we are very concerned, but Tunde, who hasn’t seen her twin sister for four years, is ready to jump on the next bus to Rome. In the end, we decide to go with her. We turn up at the address given, we meet Irina, the landlady, in the bar that she runs at the time, and who confides in us with a great deal of cynicism that “it’s so difficult to get the youngsters from the orphanage to work properly, but luckily we don’t have to pay them”. The following day, we come back to get Tunde, who has just spent 24 hours with her sister at Irina’s family home. Mariana wants to leave with us, but she is prevented from doing so by Irina, who piles on the emotional blackmail and unveiled threats.  We set off again feeling very down, after promising Mariana that we will find a solution.

We refer the matter to the Romanian Anti-Trafficking Agency, which, as luck would have it, has no jurisdiction outside Romania! They pass on our report to the Romanian embassy in Italy, which in turn says it is not competent to deal with the case, and forwards it to the Italian police, who do nothing.

January 2014. Mariana phones us using the caretaker’s phone in a building where she cleans and asks us to come to get her. We set off for Rome again, turn up once again at the family’s bar and this time we meet Irina’s son who instantly starts throwing punches at us. Increasingly concerned about Mariana, we turn to Emmaus Rome, where Isabella puts us in touch with a lawyer who specialises in helping migrants. Her name is Laura Barberio. With her help, we draw up a complaint, and present it to the police, who promise to intervene the same evening. The next day, there is a dramatic turn of events! The police tell us that Mariana is on her way to Romania; the family had got rid of her so that she wasn’t found in their home.

This marks the start of a long period of recovery for Mariana, who first of all has to learn about freedom. After 25 years in an orphanage, then under the control of “Doamna Irina”, Mariana feels obliged to ask permission to do anything, even to leave the house. She struggles to make choices or decisions for herself. Gradually, however, she has started to find her feet, helped by her sister, the community and soon by her husband.

Mariana also decides to press charges, and the community joins the civil action, both in Romania and in Italy. In Romania, the complaint is dismissed three times, on the grounds that Mariana would have known what to expect and has no one to blame but herself for having accepted this offer of “work”. In Italy, however, despite a botched investigation, the trial finally goes to a criminal court, where ‘’Doamna Irina‘’ is tried for enslavement. For no fewer than 15 days, i.e. one day a month, we have to produce new documents and testimonies. Finally, in September 2022, the sentence is handed down, confirmed by the Court of Appeal in 2023, then by the Court of Cassation in May 2024: 5 years and 4 months in prison for ‘’Doamna Irina‘’.

It took more than 10 years of legal proceedings to get justice. As Mariana says, “up to today, I had to remember every detail of those years in order to answer all the questions; now, I can start to forget”. She can now devote her energy to her 8-year-old son who she is raising with her partner.

Since 2010, the organisation has been able to bring back six other young people to Romania who were being exploited in Spain, Hungary, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic. Each time, the institutional mechanisms have proved ineffective to enable them to return home. Only Mariana’s legal proceedings have resulted in a conviction.

European Commission 2024-2029 : Austerity and competitiveness

We now know the list of European Commissioners put forward for the 2024-2029 term of office. It is no great surprise that the European Commission is heading in a worrying direction for the future of our activities and our values. It is now up to the European Parliament to hold hearings with each of these candidates to decide whether or not they should be appointed to the post of European Commissioner. 

The strong presence of conservative and right-wing parties is a source for concern, as at the European level, these parties are rarely receptive to our cause and share very few of our values. This raises concerns about their ability to defend social rights, equality and climate justice, issues that should be at the forefront of European concerns. Of the 27 Commissioners proposed (one per Member State), 12 are from conservative parties, five from liberal parties and one is from a far-right party. Furthermore, five are labelled as independents, but are in fact close to right-wing and far-right parties. Only five Commissioners are from social democratic parties.

With regard to content, we are also concerned about the loss of the Social and Employment Commissioner position and the appointment of three different Commissioners responsible for migration policies, with a prevalent use of terms such as “prosperity”, “competitiveness” and “security”. In the letters sent to the Commissioners to define their roles, the President of the Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, unapologetically defends a vision of Europe geared towards competitiveness, economic growth and security. At Emmaus, this choice raises alarm bells, as it promotes a Europe of increasingly closed borders and an economic model that favours big business, while neglecting social issues, human rights and crucial environmental concerns.

However, there are a few positive points worth highlighting. The establishment of a Commissioner for the circular economy, whose tasks will include working on drafting a law on the circular economy. The creation of a Commissioner for “energy and housing” now makes access to housing an integral part of European responsibilities, which has not been the case until now. Lastly, the implementation of an anti-poverty strategy has been announced, and we will endeavour to take part in it with our partners, despite the unfavourable political context in terms of reducing the causes of poverty.